The United States has launched its third crackdown in three years on China’s semiconductor industry, curbing exports to 140 companies, including chip equipment maker Naura Technology Group, among other moves.

The latest effort on Monday to hobble Beijing’s chipmaking ambitions also hits Chinese chip toolmakers Piotech, ACM Research and SiCarrier Technology with new export restrictions as part of the package, which also takes aim at shipments of advanced memory chips and more chipmaking tools to China.

The move is one of President Joe Biden’s last large-scale efforts to stymie China’s ability to access and produce chips that can help advance artificial intelligence for military applications, or otherwise threaten US national security.

It comes just weeks before the swearing-in of Republican President-elect Donald Trump, who is expected to retain many of Biden’s tough-on-China measures.

The package includes curbs on China-bound shipments of high bandwidth memory (HBM) chips, critical for high-end applications like AI training; curbs on 24 additional chipmaking tools and three software tools; and export curbs on chipmaking equipment made in countries such as Singapore and Malaysia.

Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo said the action aims to prevent “China from advancing its domestic semiconductor manufacturing system, which it will use to support its military modernization”.

The tool controls will likely hurt US companies Lam Research, KLA and Applied Materials, as well as non-US companies like Dutch equipment maker ASM International.

Chinese companies facing new restrictions include nearly two dozen semiconductor companies, two investment companies and more than 100 chipmaking tool makers.

The companies include Swaysure Technology Co, Si’En Qingdao and Shenzhen Pensun Technology Co, which work with China’s Huawei Technologies. The telecommunications equipment leader has been hobbled by US sanctions and is now at the centre of China’s advanced chip production and development.

The companies will be added to the entity list, which bars US suppliers from shipping to them without first receiving a special licence.

Asked about the curbs, China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman Lin Jian said such behaviour undermined the international economic trade order and disrupted global supply chains.

China will take measures to safeguard the rights and interests of its firms, he added at a regular news briefing on Monday.

China’s Ministry of Commerce described the new restrictions as a clear example of “economic coercion” and “non-market practices” in a statement on its website.

China has stepped up its drive to become self-sufficient in the semiconductor sector in recent years, as the US and other countries have restricted exports of the advanced chips and the tools to make them. However, it remains years behind chip industry leaders like US company Nvidia in AI chips and chip equipment maker ASML in the Netherlands.

The US is also poised to place additional restrictions on Semiconductor Manufacturing International Co, China’s largest contract chip manufacturer, which was placed on the Entity List in 2020 but with a policy that allowed billions of dollars worth of licences to ship goods to it to be granted.

For the first time, the US will add three companies that make investments in chips to the entity list. Chinese private equity firm Wise Road Capital, tech firm Wingtech Technology Co and JAC Capital were added, the Commerce Department said, because of their role “in aiding China’s government’s efforts to acquire entities with sensitive semiconductor manufacturing capability critical to the defense industrial bases of the United States and its allies with the objective of relocating these entities to China”.

Companies seeking licences to ship to firms on the entity list generally get denied.

Exemptions

An aspect of the new package addresses the foreign direct product rule which extends US powers to curb exports of chipmaking equipment by US, Japanese, and Dutch manufacturers made in other parts of the world to certain chip plants in China. This could hurt some US allies by limiting what their companies can ship to China.

The new rule will expand US powers to curb exports of chipmaking equipment by US, Japanese and Dutch manufacturers made in other parts of the world to certain chip plants in China.

Equipment made in Israel, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan is subject to the rule while Japan and the Netherlands will be exempt.

The expanded foreign direct product rule will apply to 16 companies on the entity list that are seen as the most important to China’s most advanced chipmaking ambitions.

The rule will also lower to zero the amount of US content that determines when certain foreign items are subject to US control. That will allow the US to regulate any item shipped to China from overseas if it contains any US chips.

The new rules are being released after lengthy discussions with Japan and the Netherlands, which, along with the US, dominate the production of advanced chipmaking equipment.

The Dutch government said it would study the new restrictions, adding that “every country has its own considerations” on national security and export controls.

ASML said on its website that it did not see a material impact on its business, adding that if the Dutch government makes a “similar security assessment”, it could affect exports of some of its chip-making tools.

The US plans to exempt countries that adopt similar controls, sources told Reuters.

Another rule in the package restricts memory used in AI chips that correspond with what is known as “HBM 2” and higher, technology made by South Korea’s Samsung and SK Hynix and US-based Micron.

Industry sources expect only Samsung Electronics to be affected. Analysts estimate that Samsung generates about 30 percent of its HBM chip sales from China.

The latest rules are the third major package of chip-related export curbs on China adopted under the Biden administration.

In October 2022, the US published a sweeping set of controls on the sale and manufacture of certain high-end chips, which was considered the biggest shift in its tech policy towards China since the 1990s.